Course Requirements
AN 2101 Human Anatomy II
Consists of the same lecture and laboratory format as Human Anatomy I. Human Anatomy II integrates developmental, microscopic and adult human gross anatomy as well as neuroanatomy using a regional approach with emphasis on the structural and functional relationships within the central nervous system, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and lower limb regions. Developmental components of this course emphasize later organogenesis within each of these regions. The central nervous system is studied in Modules VI and VII, the thorax in Module VIII, the abdomen and pelvis in Module IX and the lower limb in Module X. As in AN1101, anatomical content is closely integrated with that of other courses presented by all academic divisions.
PA 2201 General Pathology
Presents the basic mechanisms involved in cell death, necrosis, inflammation and repair, and neoplasia. Pathological principles of disease processes are discussed so that students may understand the clinical manifestations of disease and the rationale for treatment. Clinico-pathological correlations will be emphasized where applicable.
PA 2202 General Microbiology
Introduces the fundamental concepts of bacteriology, virology, parasitology and mycology. The classification and characteristics of infectious organisms are described and the concepts of virulence, pathogenicity, disease transmission, and the principles of prevention including immunization are discussed. Pathogenic microorganisms are introduced and discussed to clarify their role in the production of infectious diseases and to prepare students for a discussion of clinical microbiology in Year III.
PA 2204 Immunology
Discusses the basic concepts of immunology. The constituents of innate and acquired immunity are presented. Mechanisms involved in the immune response are also presented and discussed from the perspective of defence against infectious agents and immune pathology. The course is designed in tandem with the microbiology course to maximize integration of topics dealing with immunity to infectious agents, and with general pathology to provide a basic immunology background for the presentation of immunopathologies. Topics also include the principles and effectiveness of vaccination, immunoregulation, neuroendocrine immunology, and the effects of nutritional deficiencies on immunity.
PA 2306 Toxipharmacology
Emphasizes the general principles of toxicopharmacology. Students discuss the metabolism of toxicants and drugs as well as the toxic responses of the liver and kidneys, central nervous system, vascular, respiratory, and reproductive systems. The toxicology of metals, solvents, vapours, radiation, and radioactive materials are presented. The chiropractic and clinical contexts are developed using of case studies.
PH 2204 Systems Physiology
Teaches the physiology of body fluids, blood, and the cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, renal, and gastrointestinal systems. The function and control of all major organ systems are discussed, as are cell physiology and mechanisms at the cellular and subcellular levels. Muscle performance, training, and fitness assessments are also discussed. The course encourages problem solving and the application of physiological principles to chiropractic practice. The lectures are supplemented by case history and problem oriented seminars presented in a Team Based Learning approach.
PH 2205 Neuroscience for a Chiropractic Practice
Focuses on the chemical, anatomical, and physiological components of the sensory, motor and autonomic nervous systems. These are discussed and integrated with chiropractic where applicable. Topics such as cranial nerves, development and aging of the nervous system, the cerebral cortex and higher cortical function, and diseases of the central nervous system are presented.
PH 2206 Biochemistry II Health and Wellness
Provides a foundation for the laboratory diagnosis and clinical nutrition courses. Building on material presented in Biochemistry I, the course discusses the basic principles of health and wellness, involving the chemistry and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. It also presents the basic food groups and the fundamentals of assessing nutritional status, and introduces clinical examples and methods of practice implementation.
AC 2203 Clinical Biomechanics
A continuation of AC 1102. Students are introduced to electromyography, including how it is utilized in biomechanical research and can be used as a tool in chiropractic practice. The biomechanics of manipulation continues with impact and pulley mechanics, examining the normal and pathological mechanics of the joints of the lower extremity. The last portion of the course is clinically focused including the biomechanics of gait, footwear and foot orthotics, the implications of carrying a backpack, and the biomechanics of throwing and kicking. Emphasis centres on incorrect technique and how this can lead to pathological conditions.
AC 2204 Chiropractic Skills II
Provides laboratory instruction to develop proficiency in general and specific spinal and extremity adjustive techniques. Students learn how to deliver an adjustment with the focus on control, direction, speed and depth of thrust. Emphasis is placed on competence in conducting an analysis (including all forms of static and motion palpation procedures) of the spine, pelvis, and extremities to arrive at a diagnosis that will enable accurate determination of the appropriate adjustive procedure. Screening procedures and the importance of informed consent are discussed, and the student is taught soft tissue and mobilization techniques.
AC 2205 Rehabilitation in Chiropractic Practice II, A Regional Approach
Builds on the theoretical concepts learned in AC 1103. This course teaches the contemporary use of exercise for the rehabilitation and functional restoration of the musculoskeletal system. The case based format gives students practical information to prepare for planning, prescribing and monitoring exercise programs. They also learn the indications for therapeutic exercise prescription and concepts of exercise progression. The learning outcomes establish the principles that will help them understand the chiropractor’s role in functional recovery as it pertains to occupational issues and disability management.
AC 2410 Overview of Technique System and Introduction to Other Health Care Disciplines
This course provides students with exposure to many of the more commonly utilized technique systems in chiropractic. Presentations, principally by field practitioners, provide an historical account of the development of the technique, the philosophy of each technique, unique characteristics, diagnostic methodologies, treatment protocols, issues of safety and evidence of effectiveness. The course also allows students the opportunity to discuss and critically appraise technique systems as well as other commonly utilized complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), such as homeopathy, naturopathy, acupuncture and podiatry.
CP 2202 Chiropractic Perspectives on Clinical Practice
An intermediate level course which explores the concepts and scientific evidence for the various chiropractic theories. Neuroanatomy, neuroscience and general physiology serve as background knowledge. Application of these theories to chiropractic practice is made wherever applicable.
CD 2201 Introductory Diagnosis for Chiropractic Practice II
Discusses the diseases and practical examinations of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genito-urinary systems in a lecture and laboratory format. Students integrate previously acquired physical examination skills while learning more detailed examination procedures. Physical examination procedures and informed consent are taught in small group laboratory sessions.
CD 2302 Orthopedics for Chiropractic Practice II
Emphasis in diagnosis is placed on the assessment of function of the articulations and supportive structures of the peripheral joints and tempero-mandibular joint. The importance of interdisciplinary cooperation and referral is discussed.
RN 2201 Radiographic Interpretation II
Extends the teachings of Radiographic Interpretation I (RN 1101). Students focus on normal radiographic anatomy of the extremities along with their congenital anomalies and normal variants. The radiographic signs pertaining to specific categories of bone diseases as they target the extremities are presented and integrated with clinical and laboratory features. The course covers specific disease processes including tumours and tumour-like lesions, infections of bone, metabolic and endocrine disorders, vascular conditions, and fractures and dislocations. Special imaging procedures are integrated throughout the topics. Film quality assessment and radiation dose considerations are an integral part of all radiology courses.
CE 2202 Chiropractic Clinical Practice II
Builds on the Year I program. Through elected readings, Year II students explore current clinical and practical issues in chiropractic and health care in general. The practical component allows students to build on the knowledge gained in other areas of the academic program. A more comprehensive observation program enhances the students’ appreciation for the application of evidence based practice management principles.
RM 2301 Investigative Project – Topic Development
Students form teams which begin work on an investigative project to be finished prior to graduation. Student groups find an appropriate supervisor and register a clinical research topic. Topics are registered with the Office of Research Administration. The registered research project for this class must be a literature synthesis. Students also participate in research ethics training through either TRI Council or NIH resources. This course is self directed; online support is provided. Students who would like to conduct other studies either in conjunction with or in lieu of their student research requirement, must enrol in RMO 3302 (Optional Research Course). For a research project from RMO 3302 to satisfy the research requirement, the project must be
completed, and its quality approved, by the end of Year III.